A Profile of Radio Astronomer Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Cloning of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 in Forward...

Title: Cloning of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 in forward orientation into Escherichia Coli using histidine-tagged pbluescript II KS+. Abstract Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 locus is intensely over expressed in breast and prostate cancer and it’s been established that its promoter inhibition by p53 has led to reduced cell proliferation and invasion (Bracken, 2003; Xiao, 2011). Objective is to clone a forward orientated EZH2 insert into a his-tagged pbluescript. Cloning EZH2 into a histidine-tagged pbluescript in a forward orientation potentially allows isolation of protein via Affinity Chromatography or Chromatin Immunoprecipitation therefore its role, effects and targets in the genome can be established. Resultant Recombinant plasmids in†¦show more content†¦Its locus is particularly amplified in these noted tumours leading to the progression of these cancers, it can be suppressed by p53 (tumour/ proliferation suppressor) which represses the EZH2 promoter, resulting inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion (Bracken, 2003; Xiao, 2011). The vital components and techniques of gene cloning are as follows, the DNA sequence that contains the desired gene (EZH2) is amplified by Polymerase chain reaction. PCR was established by Kary Mullis in 1985, popularly known to amplify target sequences of DNA (EZH2) to a billion fold in several hours using thermophilic polymerases (Taq) ,primers and other cofactors (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Three crucial steps are involved which are Denaturation (at 95 °), Annealing of the forward and reverse primers (55-65 °) and lastly primer extension (at 72 °). After amplification the desired sequence is integrated into the circular vector (pbluescript) forming the recombinant molecule. For the compatibility of the insert and vector, both were digested with (EcoR1) so the same cohesive ends are generated in both, making it easier to ligate. EcoR1 is a restriction enzyme that belongs to the type II endonuclease class which cuts within dsDNA at its recognition site â€Å"GAATTC† (Clark 2010; Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Agarose Gel electrophoresis uses electric fields and ethidium bromide (under UV

Examine the way in which Bluetooth integration functions with Wi-Fi modems Free Essays

string(76) " mobile to have access in an inbox of a mail address to receive a feedback\." Introduction Bluetoothâ„ ¢ is a revolution in wireless technology specially short-range digital communication among computing and communications devices. It is a latest wireless communication technology for exchanging data over short distances, and is an attempt to get rid of computer’s jungle of wiring. Using a special radio frequency to transmit data, it creates a short range network. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the way in which Bluetooth integration functions with Wi-Fi modems or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very secure and can connect up to eight devices. Bluetooth wireless technology enables robust, secure, wireless connections between portable and fixed devices. So the main features of Bluetooth technology are robustness, low power, and low cost. Bluetooth can improve in any short distance communication system like medical instrument, end to end data transfer etc. It has high mobility which means it can be moved anywhere, long life battery which means it lasts longer than any other equipment and it has no infrastructure to support model. This project consists of building a remote health monitoring system which provide a autonomous system for regular patients. The project is designed to meet its aim to provide a plug-and-play system which run over router and transmit data through Bluetooth. A Bluetooth adaptor will be built whose has input from Bluetooth and output via Ethernet/Wireless device. The Tele-health (TH) technology has invented so many systems so far which are helping patients cope, manage and improve their health condition. It has been also used to reduce the workload of healthcare practitioners specially for those patients whose need to visit practitioners regularly basis. However, current TH systems often require patients to actively interact with the technology and this is major drawback of all current TH technologies. â€Å"The reason being that the elderly patients who are suffering from chronic condition, may find it difficult to interact with new TH technologies. Therefore, our proposal aims to pro vide a plug-and-play system which permits all ever-present connectivity between different components of the TH system with requiring minimal input from patients† [1]. As stated before, this project intends to develop an end-to-end TH system that permits monitoring and feedback solution which uses every-possible technology, e.g: mobile phone technology (GSM, 3/4G), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Bluetooth Wi-Fi, xDSL (Broadband) communication standards and even in POTS (Plain Old telephone service) as well. â€Å"Furthermore, an automatic feedback mechanism on the reading of patients’ health parameter will be embedded in the system. Thus, if a location has limited or no mobile phone network coverage, especially in rural areas, then the access point approach to data transmission would be adopted† [1]. Currently, there are already so many TH systems exist in the market. TH system currently developing and different health organizer are adopting new TH systems. Moreover, so many universities are researching about new technologies TH systems. Let’s consider a scenario where this TH system would be use for: With this TH system, patients will take their blood pressure measurements at home using a Bluetooth enabled or adaptable specific kind of monitoring device. In this project, an extra mobile will take place instead of that monitoring device which is enable to send the reading of specific measurement, taken by patients. This mobile is Bluetooth enabled and have a special designed software that helps to connect another Bluetooth enabled device (patient mobile) and transmits data to that device. The patient mobile is a remote device that uses for building connection with PC and whatever data come from the first mobile (monitoring device), passes to PC automatically. The patients mobile also capable to receive any feedback from the doctor as well. The PC works as an end-to-end device in this project which is connected with internet. The PC is capable and send any data received from patient mobile to a particular email address. The whole mechanism will be designed and build to transmit and response automatically. On the other hand, The doctor receives readings of a particular patients and send the feedback for that readings via PC and Internet. The patient mobile has a special kind of software which is enable to receive a feedback coming from the doctor. The whole system is represented graphically in figure 1. Aim The aim is to design and build a plug-and-play Bluetooth interface (within laptop) that connects Bluetooth enabled phones with a doctors surgery using a designated patients email address. The patients phone sends his/her latest results using Bluetooth to the interface which then sends an email to the surgery. This avoids expensive text messaging (multiple users increase cost). The doctor then has daily information on patients condition allowing them to make more appropriate decisions regarding their healthcare. It importantly also allows patients to carry on their daily life as normal, knowing that their latest results are being considered rather than intermittent results while visiting the doctors surgery. Although this work is demonstrated using Wi-Fi, it could easily be done with a simple ADSL modem connection via a network cable. The system works in both equally. What’s important is that there is an internet connection and a PC within the home or a phone with internet connection. Objectives To do background reading and investigation about Bluetooth technology, Ethernet/IEEE standard 802.11 and Wi-Fi modem. To design a Bluetooth interface which makes connection between two Bluetooth enabled mobiles and a PC. To construct a Java program using J2ME for first mobile (monitoring device) to create a connection with second mobile and sending message over that phone. To construct a Java program using J2ME for second mobile (Patients mobile) to form a bridge connection between first mobile and PC to transmit data via that mobile. To construct a Java program using Java SE for PC to create connection with webmail server and send data in that mail address automatically. To test the connections using two mobiles and check for errors and limitations. To build a PC application using Java SE to give feedback from that webmail server remotely to any mail server. To construct a mobile application using J2ME for second mobile to have access in an inbox of a mail address to receive a feedback. You read "Examine the way in which Bluetooth integration functions with Wi-Fi modems" in category "Essay examples" To test PC application and mobile application and check errors and limitations. To integrate and test whole interface and all programs. To investigate the limitation and problems of the whole system and find solutions about them. To investigate the implementation of that Bluetooth interface for future purposes. Deliverables Project arrangement form: To be completed by Friday 8th October 2010 Interim Report: This report explains the aims and objectives of this project. The requirement for the project and planned technical approach also is included. This report will be submitted by Friday 5th November 2010 and received feedback from supervisor by Friday 19th November 2010. Draft Final report to supervisor: A draft version of the final project report must be submitted for feedback to the supervisor by Friday 25th March 2011. Final project report: Final Project e-Report must be submitted by Tuesday 3rd May 2011 through TURNITIN for plagiarism checking and Final Project Report and log book must be submitted to Faculty office by Thursday 5th May 2011 as mentioned in the Unit Guide. Project Viva and Presentation: Project Viva and Hardware/software Demonstrations will take place in 2nd Semester Examination Period. Constructed Hardware/Software: This project contains both hardware and software part which need constructed. A network adaptor need to design and build and a program which support this adaptor need put together as well. Technical Background and Context Bluetooth The term Bluetooth TMrefers to an open specification for a technology to enable short-range wireless voice and data communications anywhere in the world [2]. Bluetooth technology also uses radio waves like all other communication medium. Bluetooth technology sends information within your own personal space, which is called Personal Area Network (PAN) at distance up to 10 meters. Now-a-days every single communication device has Bluetooth built-in. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) has produced an open specification for Bluetooth wireless communication. The reason behind being open specification, this is publicly available and royalty free. To help advance extensive acceptance of this technology, an open specification has been a primary objective of the SIG (The explanation of SIG will be later on). Bluetooth technology is a short-range communication technology that is simple, secure, and everywhere [3]. It is planned for replacing the cables connecting devices. It also maintains high level of security. That’s why Bluetooth wireless technology is widely accepted by public so much that this technology is built into a wide range of products, from cars and mobile phones to medical devices and computers. With Bluetooth technology, these devices can communicate without having any wire over a single air-interface, using special kind of radio waves or frequency to transmit and receive data. So Bluetooth is a way of exchanging data wirelessly over short distances, and is an attempt to do away with your computer’s jungle of wiring. Bluetooth is a piece of hardware or a small computer chip that contains the Bluetooth radio, and some software that lets the users, connect devices using Bluetooth technology. That’s why Bluetooth is very cheap and a very small sized chip which can fit in any kind of device. Even with Bluetooth technology, making connections is as easy as just powering up the device. â€Å"The Bluetooth radio transceivers operate in the globally available unlicensed ISM radio band of 2.4 GHz. The ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and medical) bands include the frequency ranges at 902 MHz to 928 MHz and 2.4 GHz to 2.484 GHz, which do not require an operator’s license from a regulatory agency† [4]. Now, the question arouse: why do we need one more wireless technologyBy comparing all other existing wireless technology with Bluetooth, it can be much more clear about why we need one more wireless technology where there is so many successful wireless technologies. It is also going to give much more details about Bluetooth technology. If infrared and Bluetooth devices can support many of the same applications, why do we need both technologiesInfrared transceiver must need to see each other â€Å"eye to eye† and devices must be in a few feet apart, otherwise transmission will fail. Bluetooth overcomes the distance limitation by having a nominal range of about 30 feet (as stated above). Another sense is Bluetooth works like radio, so transmissions are Omni-directional. Bluetooth can penetrate solid objects and its capability to communicate with other devices in a network called â€Å"piconet† allows for data exchange opportunities that are very hard or impossible with infrared. When it comes to data transfer speed, Infrared can transmit data at very high speed of 4 Mbps while Bluetooth can only at 721 Kbps though new versions of Bluetooth technologies are coming. Now 802.11b (wireless LAN) is to connect large devices that have lots of power at high speed typically 11 Mbps within distance of 300 feet. Though less distance and transmit speed, Bluetooth is to connect peripherals like PDAs and mobile phones and consume less power 500 times. So it’s not definitely replaced by 802.11b (wireless LAN). 802.11b (wireless LAN) can’t be use instead of Bluetooth for transmitting between peripherals. The radio uses 2.5 mW of power. Bluetooth has been designed to have very low power consumption. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) As previously described, Bluetooth wireless communication is personified as a technology specification. The body manages the development of Bluetooth standards and the licensing of the Bluetooth technologies and trademarks to manufacturers is called the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Sig is a privately held, not-for-profit trade association founded in September 1998 [5]. There was no Bluetooth SIG headquarter or no Bluetooth corporation or any sort of legally incorporated entity until 2001. The SIG built-in and is now officially recognized as the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Inc in February 2001. Now the SIG is headquartered in Kirkland, Washington with Michael W. Foley presently its executive director [5]. Currently the SIG is comprised of more than 14000 member companies. The SIG has local offices in Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, Korea, Japan and Sweden. The SIG depends upon the contributions and participation of its member companies. Clearly a major task of the SIG h as been to develop the specification, but other SIG activities include joint work with other consortia and standards and regulatory bodies, educational and promotional events such as developers’ conferences and the definition of a testing and certification process [2]. Bluetooth technology was visualized by engineers at Swedish telecommunications manufacturer Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson who realized the necessary of global short-range wireless communication. In 1994 Ericsson had begun a project to study the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost radio interface to eliminate cables between mobile phones and their accessories [2]. The Bluetooth SIG was formed to focus on developing open specification by the leading companies in computing and telecommunication in early 1998. The founding companies of the SIG are Ericsson, Intel Corporation, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Nokia Corporation and Toshiba Corporation. These companies formed the original core group of the SIG, actually known as promoter companies. History the name Bluetooth â€Å"The engineers at Ericsson code named the new wireless technology Bluetooth to honor a 10th century Viking king in Denmark. Harald Bluetooth reigned from 940 to 985 and is credited not only with uniting that country, but with establishing Christianity there as well† [4]. Harald name was actually Blatand, which roughly translates in English as â€Å"Bluetooth†. It seemed perfect to the SIG founders to name the organization that was intended to unify multinational companies after a Scandinavian kind who united countries. Thus the Bluetooth name was initially an unofficial code name for this project but today has become the trademark name of the technology and the SIG. Figure 2 is showing the logo, inspired by the initials â€Å"H B† for Harald Bluetooth. In 1994, Ericsson Mobile Communications, the global telecommunications company situated in Sweden, initiated a study to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost and wireless interface between mobile phones and their accessories. The main aim of this study was to find a way to get rid of the cables between mobile phones and their accessories. Reference 1)Dr. S. Dudley-Mcevoy, â€Å"Proposal for Synchronous Patient Reinforcement Incorporating Tele-medical Environment (SPRITE)†, London: London South Bank University, November 2010. 2)B. A. Miller, C Bisdikian. Bluetooth Revealed, 2nd edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. 3)Bluetooth SIG, â€Å"Bluetooth specification†, online, available from: http://www.bluetooth.com. [accessed 12th APR 2011] 4)N. J. Muller. Bluetooth Demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill Telecom, 2001. 5)Wikipedia, â€Å"Bluetooth Special Interest Group†, online, available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group. [Accessed 13th APR 2011] N. Eddy. Bluetooth SIG adopts Low Energy Version 4.0, eWEEK Europe UK, 2010. [Online] Available from: http://www.eweekeurope.co.uk/news/bluetooth-sig-adopts-low-energy-version-40-8224 [Accessed 14 APR 2011 How to cite Examine the way in which Bluetooth integration functions with Wi-Fi modems, Essay examples

Plasticity in web design in the spider Parawixia bistriata a response to variable prey type Essay Example For Students

Plasticity in web design in the spider Parawixia bistriata: a response to variable prey type Essay Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism or genotype to express an alternative morphology, phys iology or behaviour in response to environmental stimuli (Schlichting 1986). Plasticity is a trait in itself, subjected to natural selection and evolutionary change (Bradshaw 1965) Foraging strategies of gen- eralist predators am Ã'‡Ð °Ã ³Ã'Æ' from n single generalized strategy to a repertoire of very specialized strategies. Plasticity in foraging strategies should be favoured if specialized strategics are levs efficient in capturing the different prey types than generalized ones. Orb weaving spiders are usually considered generalist predators but there is no Ð µÃ'‡ ideiKe that they can alter their webs in response to different types of prey Although within-spccics variation in web design has been well documented, it has been attributed to fac tors other than prey capture, such as restricted space for the web. wind, rain or starvation (Craig 1989: sev eral examples cited in F.berhard 1990 and Hcnschcl Lubin 1990). How should web design vary with prey type? To maximize the probability that prey will be captured when a limited amount of silk is produced, a web should have the largest area that does not compromise the efficiency of contact between sveb and insect; this is achieved when the mesh size equals the jirey sic. For the same amount of silk, a smaller web with finer mesh may be required to stop and retain a heavy or fast-flying prey without it breaking through the web (F.bcrtiard 1990) (the words stopping’ and ‘retention’ arc used as defined in the review by F.bcrh «rd 1990 meaning the absorption of the prey energy and the adhesion of the prey until the spider arrises, respec tively ». This is because the kinetic energy of the prey is a positive function of its mass and velocity. Thus, a spiders capture success may depend on the size (area or standard length), weight and Hying speed of llie prcv. Evidence from comparaiive studies suggests that some nocturnal spider s that capture heavy, fast flying prey have webs of relatively narrow mesh (Fbcrhard 1986) but in general, web design is not considered to be fmc-luncd to specific prey types (F.berhard 1990). A Brazilian colonial spider Parawixia bistrkihi Rengger 1936 (Arancidac) has been observed spin ning two distinct types of webs which differed in size and architecture. The question is, can these differ ences be attributed to sanation in prey type avail ability? Parawixia bistrxata is a colonial orb-weaving spider commonly found in cerrado (savanna) vegeta tion in South America. Its life cycle is univoltinc and dcs-clopnirnt within the colony and the population as   a whole is synchronous (Gorgonio 1978: Gobbi 1979; Sandoval 1987; Fowler Gobbi 1988). Spidcrlings from lbe second to fifth instars typically feed during sunset; after the fifth instar spiders feed only at night, For both activity periods, all member » of each colony spin their individual orb webs simultaneously, term ing a large net of linked orb-wchs. At the end of the feeding period, each spider ingests its own web and retreats to a communal aggregation until the next day (Gobbi 1979; Sandovul 1987). Unusual webs were occasionally spun during the day: their occurrence was temporally correlated with local termite swarms. These daytime’ webs were observed every Septem ber. during a 3-year study of the foraging and social behaviour of P. bistriata Here, die temporal and mor phological characteristics of webs and prey observed at sunset and daytime are compared. Outline1 Materials and methods2 Results3 WEB DESIGNS Materials and methods This study was conducted over 5ha of undisturbed habitat (cerrado vegetation) of P. bistriaia in Itira pina. Siio Paulo, Brazil. The occurrence of each web type of II colonics in .September 1984 and five colonies in September 1985 was counted over several days. These web types were easily distinguished (sec Fig. I). To quantify differences between web types, detailed measurements of web dimensions were taken from randomly selected webs of oik colony in 1986 because, in this colony, all individuals spun sunset webs and most of them also spun daytime webs the following day. Ibis indicates that both web types were spun by the same individuals within a short time period, litis procedure was necessary a » individuals were nor marked because previous attempts had   shown that marked individuals may not spin webs the next day. Furthermore, if a different number of spi ders spun w ebs on different days, the cause of change in web design could be attributed to variation in space available for web building. From the webs of this colony web and hub diameters were measured, and the spiral and rndii numbers of 10 randomly chosen webs spun at sunset were counted (see Table 2 for definition of web characteristics. .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .postImageUrl , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:hover , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:visited , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:active { border:0!important; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:active , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Total Physical Response EssayThese measure ments were repeated the next day when the spiders built daytime webs. From these data, die mean mesh size was calculated, defined here as the mean distance between two spiral turns. To calculate mesh size, the web radii minus the hub radii was divided by the number of spiral turns, The total length of silk used per web was calculated by adding the length of all spirals and radii. The size of insects captured was observed and recorded in five colonics (three colonics in 1984 and two colonies in 19851 at sunset, when one of the web types was spun daily. The length and width of the prey trapped in an area of 1 m2 dial comprised sever al webs, during a period of 30 min was measured All the prey captured in daytime webs of three colonics in 1984 were recorded immediately after termites hÐ µd swan nod. Available prey (flying insects) were sampled with standard sticky traps. Three 40 x 40cm clear plastic sheets coated with polybutanc (an odourless, trans- parent substance i were attached to a pole at heights of 0 5 m. 15 m and 2-5 m. This was the height range where the spiders normally spun their webs. Sticky trap » were about 5 m away from the colony from which web dimensions and observations of prey cap- ture were recorded All the insects were collected from the traps after six I h intervals to estimate diurnal variation in flight activity of prey (from 6.Ð ¨ to 20 00 h). This procedure was necessary because preliminary sampling had indicated that the availability of different prey types changed rapidly throughout the day. Trapping was repeated on 4 separate days: 3 days in 1984 (27 September, termite swarms p resent; 24 and 25 October, termites not present) and I day in 1985 (28 September, termites not prescru). To evaluate the effectiveness of tlic two web types in trapping prey of different sizes the size of prey cap- tured by the webs was compared with the size of those prey caught by sticky traps using a Kolmogorov- Smimov test. Only die samples and obsersations that were taken simultaneously were used for these com- parisons Results MIL OF FORAGING ACTIVITY OF SPIDERS AND THEIR PREY Of the II colonics whose sumct webs were counted (90-800 individuals, mean  ±SL = 290012150).  Ã‚  Only one colony contained some individuals that did not construct webs. Thus. 92-5% of all spiders observed in September 1984 and 1985 during sunset constructed sunset webs In these colonies, sunset web building began between 16.00 and I7.00h . Sunset occurred at approximately 18 00h The time of foraging activity at sunset coincided with the lime that small prey were most abundant The periodicity of flight activity of these prey was very predictable and varied little between days . In comrast. daytime webs were spun at variable times, always around the peak of termite swarms; usually within 30 mm before or after the termite swarm began (Table II. The variation in time of web-spin ning activity was not owing to variation in age or m/Ã'  of spiders as different colonies of P. bistiiaia have synchronous development (Sandoval 1987) All ter mite swarms observed occurred during rain Unlike the small (lies, termites had variable periodicity of flight activity. Nonetheless, the spiders were able to track their availability over time The two types of webs were never observed to occur simultaneously and daytime webs were ingested before the sunset webs were spun. Termites were never observed dur ing sunset and daytime webs were never observed in the absence of termite swarms. WEB DESIGNS Daytime and sunset webs differed significantly in a number of key dimensions in tlic colony studied and could easily be distinguished by eye. The mesh size of daytime webs was. on average, three times larger than sunset webs (Fig. I. Table 2). Mesh enlargement resulted from both an 82% increase in web diameter and a 57% decrease in the number of spiral turns. Tlvcic was no overlap in these dimensions for the two web types The amount of silk did not differ between the two web types (Table 2). Because the number of radii and spirals were smaller and the area was larger in daytime webs than in sunset webs, then, all else being equal, daytime webs were probably weaker for stopping prey. Although web measurements were taken from a single colony, the dimorphism in mesh si/c and diameter was observed m 10 other colonies (Table 11. Ibis dimorphism was not a result of varia tion in sie, age or individual variation in behaviour within colonics because the development within colonies was extrem ely synchronous (Sandoval 1987)   and all individuals spun their webs at both activity periods when webs were measured Furthermore, daytime webs wen; unique to day activity and sunset webs were unique to sunset activity. Thus, it is clear that web dimorphism ill P. bixtriata is the result of plasticity in the web building behaviour of each indi vidual. .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .postImageUrl , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:hover , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:visited , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:active { border:0!important; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:active , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Does Shakespeare's Presentation Of Shylock Affect Our Response To The Character Essay

The Barriers for conducting epidemiological studies on chronic diseases

Epidemiological are studies concerned with the causes of the health occurrences, their patterns and consistency in the wellbeing of the population. This is usually done in a predetermined population under a specified environment. The purpose is to influence public policy decisions through the consideration of; disease spread, risk aspects and preventive measures to be taken. The study is done to improve public welfare (Dyckman, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Barriers for conducting epidemiological studies on chronic diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various factors that hinder the development of epidemiological studies in chronic diseases. The level of data protection tendencies in the highly developed countries is a major concern. An example is the UK where legislation is enacted by replacing the law on the confidentiality of the doctor to the patient with the data protection Act 19 98. Unfortunately, this is the idea of the government, while it is necessary for the government to protect citizens from intruders to information it is counterproductive to the well being of the society to enact such a law. This has highly affected the research activities by hindering the access to information (Dyckman, 2006). The next major factor is finances to carry out these studies. In most cases, these studies involve a lot of scientific research which can safely be done in laboratories and other technical facilities. However, these facilities require enormous capital to establish. To most countries, this is a major setback as they cannot afford this kind of facilities. For example, finances required in the development of genetic or atomic engineering laboratories used in studying cancerous growths like brain tumors. This will always undermine research activities in most countries (Hester 2012). The technical expertise required in these studies is sometimes a major factor. In some countries, like the third world countries, there are insufficient doctors to treat patients in hospitals let alone those that can carry out the research. Most of these countries rely on secondary information from previous research activities. Unfortunately for the health profession, some of these diseases are among the highly ranked killer diseases in the world like cancer (Michael, 2004). Next is the problem that involves insufficient man power in some countries. In most of the third world countries, there is insufficient skilled manpower to carry out these studies. This is because of insufficient remuneration to the skilled personnel leading to a brain drain.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where by skilled and talented individuals migrate to better paying countries like the western countries. This has resulted in a serious shortage of skilled personnel in these countrie s (Michael, 2004). The time is another major constraint in carrying out research. In most cases, research is carried out under a predetermined time frame but the time is rarely enough. The ethics of some of the doctors involved in the research is wanting to a point that the state has to interfere. This has highly affected research activities in some of the countries. For example in England, before the enactment of section 60 0f the Health and social care Act 2001. The professional bodies had to come in and put forward clear policies concerning ethical guidelines in conducting research. This had initially brought conflict between the government and professional bodies due to inconsistent policies advocated by the various professional bodies. The inconsistencies come about in the treatment of confidentiality, informed consent and anonymity of individuals involved in a research study (Michael, 2004). References Dyckman, T. (2006). Research for MBAs and Masters. New York: Penguin Publis hers. Hester, J. T. (2012). Academic medicine campaign, BMJ Group: (pp. 10-30). London: Night tankle. Michael E. P. (2004). Understanding research in the 20th Century. Chicago: The Free Press. This essay on The Barriers for conducting epidemiological studies on chronic diseases was written and submitted by user Ayleen B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Example Admission Essay Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced

Example Admission Essay Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced Free Online Research Papers Example Admission Essay Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. â€Å"No,† my father said. â€Å"I wont give you money so that you can donate it to this organization of yours.† To my disbelief, I came to the realization that the two children the school was helping to support through World Vision would not receive anything from me this year. With those words, my grandiose schemes of creating a world without poverty seemed to come to an end, and I realized for the first time that when idealism meets reality, reality hardly ever backs away. I was 14 back then, and as hopeless an idealist as any fourteen year old adolescent can be. Reading the works of Marx and Engels and various other visionaries, I was immersed in the world of utopian societies, where there is no distinction between rich and poor and where everyone would live in harmony with each other. At school, my friends knew me as the staunch socialist, vaunting the merits of a world without poverty to any fellow student caring to listen. When the school announced that it would be supporting two poor children from Africa in cooperation with World Vision, it was the perfect opportunity for me to express my dedication to the socialist cause. The thought that I will not be able to donate anything shattered my self-protective bubble. How will I explain to my friends that I, who have been talking so vehemently about eradicating poverty, will not donate any money to help poor children in Africa? This event made me realize that between saying something and actually doing it, there is a huge difference. Since then, I have participated in many community services and worked to help people who are far closer to me. Instead of donating my parents money, I resorted to my own skills in order to help the less fortunate. For example, every Sunday the Taoist Tai-Chi Society that I am member of prepares food for the poor people of Montreal, and I have been very active in this endeavor, cleaning and cutting vegetables after finishing my practices. I have also helped my community in various ways such as cleaning the streets of Montreals crowded Chinatown and organizing various fund-raising events with my fellow students for the World Vision program in our school. Finally, I will be going to Nicaragua on December 29th for a month in order to undertake what I consider the crowning achievement of my efforts to help people around the world: build a pre-school for the village of Niquinohomo. I have finally found a way to bring idealism and reality together. Research Papers on Example Admission Essay "Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced"Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Neoclassicism in Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neoclassicism in Music - Essay Example Neoclassicism as a musical term was not coined until sometime after its supposed development began. Rather than a style of composition, the term initially referred to a conception or reaction to a musical historical event. That is, Neoclassicism represents a way of viewing music history as a reaction to the contemporary trends in fin-de-sicle France that regarded the current musical trajectory as one that was defined for the most part by German musical historical conceptions and aesthetic trends. Namely, the music of Wagner was perceived by a growing number in France as, decadent and unduly romantic. However, the original use of the word "neoclassicism" did not refer to originally to a reaction to the German Romantics, but a somewhat derisive term to refer to writers and other artists, who parroted Greek and Roman themes as a kind of sterile, lifeless, pastiche-rather than a reinvigoration of the classical spirit that perhaps one might envision such a term connoting. Thus, the neocla ssical style in music was more correctly labeled at the time Nouveau Classicisme. Messing then explicates the role that composers such as Saint-Saens, Debussy and Ravel whose interests in composers before Beethoven such as Mozart, Bach, Handel and even earlier such as the work of the Couperin family played out in some of their compositions. Messing technical analysis of the musicological comparisons between the work of these new classical French composers and their classical counterparts reveals a rhythmic and structural similarity. Yet that similarity did not extend across the new classical scene, rather the particular inspiration that the above composers chose was modified and developed so as to make any comparison between say Saint-Saens and Debussy much more tendentious. Therefore, Messing notes to place this musical aesthetic ideal under some uniform stylistic rubric called "neoclassicism" was invalid. In another chapter, Messing deals with post-war neoclassical analysis through the work of Igor Stravinsky and the eventually polemic that developed between his followers and the Arthur Schoenberg and his revolutionary serialist style. Moreover, as Messing suggests neoclassicism as a distinct music style with specific gestures did not congeal until after the war and its juxtaposition with the work of Schoenberg. It seems according to Messing that the intervening war caused a radical shift in understanding of the term and its followers from one which represent a musico-historical reaction to Wagner in France, to a theoretical shift in composition. The disparate influences of the earlier neo-classicists seemed to have been conflated together in the comparison to the work of Schoenberg and his prodigious number of students. Moreover, it can be seen that Stravinsky's music, which was supposedly indicative of this specific style was no so radically different from the work of Schoenberg, a nd thus suggesting that only are the differences between neoclassicism and serialism overwrought and artificial. It also reveals that to conceive of neoclassicism in

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Reading response papers - Essay Example While Marinetti’s manifesto is obviously motivated by the desire for change, it has the tone of a call-to-arms! It overflows with revolutionary enthusiasm and is written in a highly exaggerated, theatrical style. Marinetti urges men  to embrace speed, war, machinery and danger.  He rejects the past and disregards the future, living only in a hedonistic present. Throughout the manifesto, Marinetti’s love for automobiles, and speed, is evident. â€Å"The hungry automobiles roared beneath our windows (209),† he says. Marinetti gives the car life as a powerful, dangerous animal – it is a snorting beast, and â€Å"a vast shark† (211). He lavishes caresses on it. To him, a racing automobile embodies the very peak of beauty. He celebrates the man at the wheel of a car. The automobile finds mention in points three and four of his manifesto. In this context, it seems somehow appropriate that Marinetti meets with an accident when speeding on his automobil e and lands in a ditch. â€Å"The mad intoxication† of his speed, a Dionysian frenzy, is present in every line of his manifesto. His complete abandonment of reason, and his adamant resolve to â€Å"leave good sense behind† (2010), can but lead to catastrophe, here embodied by the accident. The two cyclists can be perceived to represent reason. The â€Å"love of danger, the habit of energy and rashness† (2011) is sure to lead to mishaps. However, for all its impractical, radical language, Manetti’s manifesto remains a lyrical testament to the Futurist

Welfare and Food Stamps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Welfare and Food Stamps - Research Paper Example The program has tried to reduce hunger and improve food security among low-income Americans. This paper will discuss the high administration costs, alleged fraud cases in the program, and the negative effect on the labor market make it a failure. There is a need for urgent reforms in the food program to reduce enrolment and government spending, and localize it to the state level. The history of food stamps dates back to the 1930s. The Food Stamp program was both a farm price support program as an anti-poverty one. This has been the case since the early days of the program in the 1930s. The depletion of food surpluses and mismanagement saw the phase out of the program. It took several years to re-establish the program and congress passed legislation to provide food stamps to low-income Americans. However, only pilot programs took shape. It was only after President Lyndon Johnson directed congress to pass the Food Stamp Act of 1964 that saw the initiation of the modern food stamp program. The main aim of the program was to boost the agricultural economy and improve nutritional levels of Americans. Presently, it faces several challenges, especially after the 2002 farm bill, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, and Energy Act of 2008 under the Obama administration, allowed noncitizens to register. This, coupled with easier claiming of benefits, in creased the trend of registration to the program. After the change of name from ‘food stamps’ to the ‘Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program’, President Obama’s 2009 stimulus bill further stretched the program by increasing benefits by 13.6 percent (Tanner 2). Consequently, roughly 48 million Americans receive SNAP benefits today, and in so doing, this gives taxpayers a yearly cost of more than $78 billion (Tanner 2). Because of this surge, critics suggest that food stamps and the farm bill should be two separate entities

Unsustainable Tourism Essay

Unsustainable Tourism Essay Tourism Industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Tourism has long been a central component of the economic, social and cultural shift that has left its imprint on the world system of cities in the past two decades (Dumond; 2005 cited in Beben; 2006;1). According to the statistics of World Trade Organization, there was 693 million tourist arrivals across the globe in 2002 (Beben; 2006). Moreover, WTO and the World Tourism and Travel Council announced a possible increase in the number of tourists to close to 1 billion by the end of 2010 (Massound; 2010). Mass tourism is seen as a large number of people participating in tourism as well as inflexible and packaged standardized holidays (Poon; 1993). Starting from the 50s a new tourist demand leaded to a new stage in this evolutionary process. Tourism industry just like other Fordist industries has been supplying mass products, mostly considered under the label of mass tourism (Conti; Perelli; 2004). According to Conti and Perelli (2004;3), Thomas Cook created the tourism packages in the 19th century as the pioneering forms of mass tourism and the opportunity for the definitive shift from the aristocratic forms of vacation to the mass mobility of workers spending their paid holidays travelling. The concept of Cookism was used in a place of Fordism to express the era of mass tourism. Others seen mass tourism as consuming places by the large number of visitors (Urry; 1995). More recently mass tourism consumption experience has been linked to the ideas of a McDonaldization, Disneyfication o r McDisneyfication of societies (Ritzer and Liska; 1997 cited in Conti and Perelli; 2004;3). The impact of those consumption patterns has been considered as the typical Fordist leading to a reduction of the cultural diversity by mean of the demand of a tourist experience that will be more and more reproducing the everyday life patterns of consumption (Contti and Perelli; 2004). Mass tourism is strongly linked to seasonality. The impact of schools closure for the holiday periods as well as companiesÂÂ ´ work programmes and the destination specific weather conditions, all that aspects are gathering great number of tourists at the same time (Shaw and Williams; 1995). Before tourism was a luxury, available mostly for higher class but after the introduction of packaged holidays and development of mobility and technology, travelling became more accessible for everyone. Tourism has aroused on the market as a forceful industry making changes which have both positive and negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. The development of tourism industry is very important for economy of the country especially for less developed countries as it increase foreign exchange earnings and generates employment. According to UNWTO, tourism stands for 8% of employment and 9% of global GDP and by the year 2019 will provide 296 million jobs (UNWTO cited in MercoPress, 2010). Tourism can have a powerful and beneficial direction for both economic and sociio-cultural change but at the same time it can be destroying. Do actual benefits from tourism go to the host community? Is governmentÂÂ ´s priority in development are to provide the needs of the tourists instead of local community? The government blinded by the opportunity of the country to generate the money from the development tourism is forgetting about the negative aspects that the industry ca n bring. Most of the attention has been made to economic aspects of the tourism growth and environmental and socio-cultural issues have been swept out to the second plan. Although to make tourism sustainable it is very important to look at those aspects. As mentioned before tourism enables the development of the destination although, the lack of own capital and a weak economy of some underdeveloped destinations makes foreign investors to build a new hotels that makes tourism being beneficial mostly for the developed countries. The same is with employment. It seems like tourism would give jobs to the local community but in the meantime the investors from developed countries employed the workers with a better education and abilities so the developing country stays with almost nothing. When the development is lower than the position of a country is worse. Leakage is an amount of money that escapes from the local economy (France; 1997). According to Kripperdorf(1982;136), tourism planning is usually in the hands of outside promoters the local population are regarded merely as landowners or as a reserve of labour, not as people entitled to participate in decision making. For example, tour operators owning resorts and sending the customers to the destination which mean that local community wont benefit much from those tourists. They export food for the tourist and employ British stuff. How tourism can be sustainable if itÂÂ ´s breaking the basic rules of it. The tourism control and planning strategy is crucial in developing sustainable tourism but how can it be done if even government is closing their eyes on the unfair practices in the Tourism sector of that region. The uncontrolled tourism in Goa has a strong impact on host community who has to face the food and water shortage (Almeida; 1996). Moreover, Goan has to face with electricity problems, there is a severe water shortage. The water pipeline that was originally meant for the villagers is now being utilised by the hotels. The transport too is insufficient to transport both locals and tourists (Misquita, 1996a cited in Noronha;1999;101). Very fast process of urbanisation has changed Goa into the concrete jungle. Police is closing their eyes on the drug fulfilled parties. Barely 10 % of Goans have benefited from tourism development, moreover, the foreign investors are buying large amounts of lands in the region (Almeida; 1996).All those examples illustrate how unsustainable tourism it is. Moreover, as suggested by Wall and Wright (1977); physical impacts to the tourist destination include alterations to the natural environment, including air, water, soils, vegetation and wildlife as well as changes to the build environment (Mathiesen and Wall; 1999; 38). Mass tourism affects strongly beaches, cliff-side, environment and degraded landscape. In some mass destinations ground water is in an alarmingly low level which is largely consumed by agricultural sector, by the irritation of a great number of gardens constructed due to the development of new summer houses and second homes and golf courses (Molz; 2004;5). Also the beaches have been extended in order to meet tourist demand. The unlimited constructions and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources will lead to the serious environmental problems. Recreational activities organized for tourists have also strong impact. Tourists by touching reefs when diving and snorkeling are damaging them. Also by the great number of boat trips tourist are disturbing marine animals. According to Kripperdorf (1982;135), the mass phenomena of modern tourism have initiated the paradoxial process Tourism destroys tourism. The landscape loses its tourist value through its use, or rather over-use, by th e tourist. Mass tourism is not only a problem of coastal regions but also the winter season is strongly connected to mass tourism. In Alps the number of tourists doubles every 7 years (Dziedzic; 1998). In Tyrol the ski slope is going through the endangered forests. Every year more than 500 hectares of agricultural land is used to make new skiing resorts and slopes (Dziedzic; 1998). Environmental degradation destroys the meaning of existence of tourism itself. The number of tourists is growing every year. According to the World Travel report (cited in Hickman; 2006) by 2020 the natural features of some of the wonders of the world will be damaged by global warming, while other resorts will become seriously overcrowded. The carrying capacity has been described as greatest number of people who can use the place without any damage to the natural resources and without degradation of the environment (Wall and Mathiasen; 1999). The attrition of historical buildings and the saturation of the coasts are one of the problems were carrying capacity has been overtaken. Changes in tourist destinations are inevitable but the concept of carrying capacity has the chance to indicate the amount and the way of change and to assess to which point those changes are acceptable (Mathiesen and Wall; 1999). The socio-cultural impacts are the other aspect of a great importance when looking at the changes in tourism as it strongly changes the way of life of the local communities. Mass tourism is causing displacement of indigenous population by tourists. For example in Hawaii there are about 1 million of indigenous inhabitants, which is a quarter of the whole population (Dziedzic; 1998). In human relationships, the disappearing traditional hospitality is a very important aspect. Especially in the big tourist resorts, these relations were long ago converted into a commodity for sale. Kuhn (2007; cited in Hanna; 2010 HHhhKKKK) argues that sustainable tourism attempts to preserve traditional cultures in a way that the western tourist deems as authentic. If sustainable tourism will lead into that direction it will not be very successful. Tourist resorts also offer its guests a more refined, but a fake version of its folklore and traditions, adapted to the stereotypical images of the visited country. According to Mathieson and Wall (1992; 4) the commercialization of culture, through the marketing and sale of artefacts, may revive traditional art forms or modify them so that they are scarcely recognizable. Which in a long term might create a phony folk culture but at the same moment it can lessen existing unemployment problems and create more jobs. The Tourism authorities are pleased of the fact that tourism is developing in the country but some of the local communities have different opinions on that. According to Ignacio Cembrero in View from Fez (2006), the countrys Islamist party frequently rails against hotel casinos, restaurants that serve alcohol and the growing gay club scene (Ranger; 2006). The tourist must accept the cultural differences of other countries. The most of Moroccans are very religious and tourist has to respect it. Even more tolerate Moroccans can become tired of tourists when seeing nudity on the beaches or tourists wearing t-shirts or short trousers in the churches. It insults their believes and rules. A lack of consideration by tourists for local norms, culture, people or the environment of tourist receiving destinations is leading to unsustainable tourism practices (Poon; 1993 in Wahab and Pigram; 2004;51). This point was also commented by Obrador et al (2009;3) who suggest that local cultures are see n as eroded by a homogenous inauthentic, consumer culture. Moreover, overcrowding and growth of the bad reputation of the destination by breaking ethical rules can be destructive for the destination. There are many places in the world which have been spoiled by mass tourism and after the development of low cost airlines many cities has lost their shine. As most of the products also destinations have a lifecycle. It was clearly presented by Butler (1980) in his model of lifecycle of a tourist destination. He evaluated six stages a destination goes through when tourism development takes place: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, concluding with either rejuvenation or decline. At this stage the destination is visited by small number of tourists who are keen to explore cultural and natural beauty of the place but the number of visitors is limited due to accessibility difficulties and lack of facilities. Here the attraction of the place yet remains unmodified by tourism. In the next stage of involvement advertising and local initiatives are seen as the element of promotion of the destination which results in increase of the tourist number with the pressure on the public sector to develop infrastructure. Next step in the cycle is development in which further initiatives for development of facilities are made by national and multinational companies. In this stage the control of the public sector is necessary as the popularity of the destination and increasing number of visitors may not only be the reason of success but also cause failure and the destination may suffer a change in quality through problems of over-use and deterioration of facilities (Butler; 198 0;92). The consolidation is the next level of tourism life cycle when tourism becomes a great part of the local community. Next step of stagnation occurs when after reaching peak numbers of visitors the destination is no longer popular and only conservative visitors are still coming back. In this stage the environmental, economical as well as socio-cultural problems can be seen as the reason. The last stage is decline where effort is need to maintain the tourist arrivals by introducing new types of facilities like for example casinos. Prague is only one of the examples of the life cycle destination. The city has become one of the most visited cities in Europe after Czech Republic became a member of EU and after the growth of mobility (Global Travel Industry News; 2010). This beautiful, full of historical monuments city was rejuvenated in the last two decades. The commercialization of the city took place and the old town became surrounded by souvenir vendors, Irish pubs and beer gardens losing its authenticity. Also the prices have gone up and all locals who couldnÂÂ ´t afford been forced to move out of town. Its one of the examples when the way of making quick cash has prevailed over the unspoiled charm of the historic Prague. Mass tourism has led to the development of sustainable tourism in order to reduce negative impacts of tourism growth. Later in time the concept of Post Fordism was seen as the customers seem to acquire more power in determining market tendencies. According to Contti and Perelli (2004;9), this change also tend to meet the new demand for environmental friendly tourism products, being new tourists generally perceived as more educated, interested in local communities culture and in a real interaction with the surrounding environment. Since 1980 the sustainable tourism has began to be an important issue in the tourism industry (Swarbrooke; 1999). By creating a new infrastructure, hotels and businesses the employment is increasing. By travelling people have a chance to experience new cultures and traditions, although not every tourist is keen to do that and some visitors are not interested in it and ignore host communities. Sustainable tourism development is directed especially to create a better understanding of tourism, of how to achieve balance between economic, cultural and environmental aspects of tourism development. It is necessary to encourage people to take responsibility for the environment. Moreover, fair distribution of tourism benefits is necessary and the bigger involvement of local community in the tourism development decisions of their region has to be improved. The sustainable tourism directs to reduce negative impact on environment by introduction of quieter, more fuel efficient aircraft to start from to maximizing economic benefits for the host community rather than the visitors countries. Mass tourism is strongly connected to the high seasonal tourism caused by the great demand of 3s tourism tourists all over the world (Bramwell; 2004). That is why diversification of tourism like development of rural tourism has been developed to minimize saturation of the beaches in the high seasons and to avoid mass tourism. The development of sustainable touris m in very important for the countries where tourism industry is a main element of the local economy because the traditional beach holidays will decline caused by the saturation if the mass tourism will be increasing with that speed (Swarbrooke; 1999). According to Perry (2001), the climate change caused by humans will result in future modification of the climate conditions for example in the Mediterranean area, whereas the northern and western Europe climate will be improved. In 1992 on the conference in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil the first strategy document on sustainable tourism has been announced Agenda 21 as the basic economic model of tourism in XXI century (Hanna; 2010). Although, the Agenda 21 has meet various criticism mostly due to its non-binding treaties allowing most of the recommendations surrounding climate change and various other cultural issues to be ignored by the international community (Hanna; 2010). Nowadays, alternative forms of tourism have been emphasized but taking in account that even small group tours can be damaging the sustainable tourism is hard to accomplish. Latest debate of Tourism Concern came to a conclusion that all-inclusive holidays, arguably the epitome of mass-packaged tourism consumption should be banned (Farrington; 1999 cited in Sharpley and Telfer; 2002; 304). For example Gambias tourism authorities have banned all-inclusive holidays in 1999 (Sharpley and Telfer; 2002). It is an effective contribution to the development of destination. This could be a possible solution of applying sustainable tourism into a real life but it is doubtful if it would work for every country. Another alternative solution suggested by France (1997;89) is the development of holiday complexes which provide artificial ÂÂ ´sun-warm water` environments (e.g. Center Parc villages), located at points of maximum market access which could be an exit for achieving sustainable tourism just if the great number of people would choose it instead of normal holidays. In conclusion, the growth of tourism seems to be inevitably unsustainable. Tourism is giving employment and economic benefits but for example in the Third World countries the division of money is unequal. The powerful developed countries are always going to be stronger than less developed countries if management will not be carefully planned. So even if tourism is bringing money, it is not always bringing it to the right place. Nowadays people blinded by money forgetting about more important things like passing their tradition to the next generation by conserving it. Mass tourism is termed as a neo-colonialism which can be compared to army forces where instead of their invasion we have an invasion of the tourist influx (Dziedzic; 1998). There is no solution to stop people from travelling. The great understanding of negative impacts would lead to better sustainable tourism development but this need a high number of people involved in it which is hard to accomplish as nowadays people donÂÂ ´t think much about the future risk related to the planet because not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. It is a marker of status in modern societies (Urry; 1990;4). There is a lack of sustainable understanding and adequate tourism control to develop sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism will not eliminate negative impacts of tourism but it could be a way to minimize its impact. Because if the growth in mass tourism will continue as fast as it does now the global warming will be arising and some destinations will suffer unbearably hi gh temperatures with an increase in the risk of fire. All those changes will lead tourists to changes in their holiday destinations, which not necessarily means stop of mass tourism. Tourist will continue with transport use even if they will reduce their travels, it will be still environmental damaging. All the facts are coming into conclusion that the best way for sustainable tourism would be staying at home.

Globalisation :: essays research papers

It is argued that globalisation does not necessarily result in the domination and erasure of local cultures but rather engenders a resistance which can take the best of the global and reinforce and revitalise the potency of local cultures. Discuss with reference to the readings and concepts encountered in the subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalisation does not necessarily result in the domination and erasure of local cultures, is a positive statement one can make from the reading Understanding Globalisation: History and Representation in the Emergence of the World as a Single Place, (Holton 1998). We will be looking at where globalisation comes from, or as far back as we can trace it in history. Globalisation engenders a resistance which can take the best of the global and reinforce and revitalise the potency of local cultures. Also, with looking at the reading mentioned previously and defining the term globalisation one can see that it would be quite the best of the global cultures which are taken and reinforced and revitalised into the local cultures, that is that my understanding of the term ‘global’ in the question is to mean ‘global cultures’. As we all know, it is a simple fact of history which is able to show that global cultures are where the best come from in ord er to revitalise local cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalisation is historical, and was present in the vast past of the world. It is through the history that we can see globalisation did exist and took several forms, history, politics, economics, religion, capitalism, social behaviour, modernisation, and imperialism. These were all present in history from the beginning. There was the developing of ‘The West’ which did create dominance of local cultures from those who claimed to be superior. We know that ‘The West’ was a social level of development, which first occurred in Europe. In Hall’s definition of ‘The West’ in, Formations of Modernity, we are told that a society of the west is â€Å"developed, industrialised, urbanized, capitalist, and modern†(p277). These societies were â€Å"a result of historical processes - economic, political, social and cultural†(p277). Therefore, it can be said in broad terms that it is the rising of the west which enables t he west, the globalised nations, to gain dominance and near to total erasure of local cultures. With this rising of the west there is also capitalism and imperialism without a doubt and it is though these elements that there is domination and almost total erasure that occurs.